working memory capacity 7 plus or minus 2

Brodmann's areas (BAs) 6, 8, and 9, in the superior frontal cortex was involved when working memory must be continuously updated and when memory for temporal order had to be maintained. Many studies have shown working memory predicts fluid intelligence (and g) to a high extent; in some studies they appear to be virtually the same ability. The Apple Mac mini now features Apple's pro-level M2 Pro 10-Core chip, making it suitable for anything from rich presentations to immersive gaming or more intensive tasks like editing massive images and 8K ProRes video. Miller, G. (1956). c. memory and motivation Then look away from the screen and try to recall the number. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Now look away, and try to recall the number. It evokes fewer memory connections. C. transience Resource theories have been very successful in explaining data from tests of working memory for simple visual features, such as colors or orientations of bars. [75], In another influential study, training with a working memory task (the dual n-back task) improved performance on a fluid intelligence test in healthy young adults. The framers of the Constitution designed the Senate to filter the output of the sometimes hasty House. noting whether the letters are upper-case or lower-case Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). But more important than just holding information in mind is being able to process that information to solve a problem, to figure something out, or reason through something to find an answer while potentially multi-tasking with other less demanding tasks such as driving or while having to focus to filter out distracting information. [147] The ability to override "bottom-up" capture of attention differs between individuals, and this difference has been found to correlate with their performance in a working-memory test for visual information. Now, look at the following image. D. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study, D. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study, The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. As for brewing,Boldenone Undecylenate raw is liquid. [105] Most brain imaging studies of working memory have used recognition tasks such as delayed recognition of one or several stimuli, or the n-back task, in which each new stimulus in a long series must be compared to the one presented n steps back in the series. It creates more retrieval paths for the memory. George Miller's magical number 7, plus or minus two, helps confirm the capacity of short term memory (Miller, 1956). We use cookies in order to personalize your experience, display relevant advertising, offer social media sharing capabilities and analyze our website's performance. [16][17], Cowan also noted a number of other limits of cognition that point to a "magical number four",[13] and different from Miller, he argued that this correspondence is no coincidence. D. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES. A study has shown that during a working memory task the connectivity between these areas increases. AlbertsonPaintingCompanyIncomeStatementForYearEndedApril30,20\begin{array}{c} Some researchers have therefore proposed that the limited capacity of short-term memory for verbal material is not a "magic number" but rather a "magic spell," i.e. Typically the capacity of short term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 items or 'chunks' of unrelated information. Participants engaged . To remember something for any longer, you must therefore repeat it to yourself several times, long enough to modify your long-term memory. The company does not maintain a perpetual inventory system. I wonder if anyone has thought along the line of interspersed marked wording for hand levitation with such a script. Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University. Once, there was a time that the phone company was the most powerful purveyor of information technology and research. A factoid is a snippet of information (usually taken out of context) that's assumed to be factual because it's repeated often. FEEDBACK: There are few differences between the memory of males and females, and many of these can be explained by differences in what men and women tend to pay attention to. Then the mice were expected to go through a maze that is a task to test working memory. 9 plus or minus 3 Yes Frank, I have improvised my way through it and it works like a charm. This content is made with your help! Likewise, 4 bits of information is a decision between 16 binary . It was . Use a 'standard' preparation to begin. intention to learn the information In the past, studies have shown that individuals can evaluate how much they trust their own memories, but how humans can do this was largely unknown. B. prefrontal cortex Another view proposed a functional distinction, arguing that ventrolateral areas are mostly involved in pure maintenance of information, whereas dorsolateral areas are more involved in tasks requiring some processing of the memorized material. In working memory tasks, when people hear "F" spoken, they sometimes remember "S" instead. [98] Another study has demonstrated that these areas are necessary for working memory, and not simply activated accidentally during working memory tasks, by temporarily blocking them through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), thereby producing an impairment in task performance. The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information. Peterson, L. R., & Peterson, M. J. Recompute your answer to part (b). Errors in serial recall tasks are often confusions of neighboring items on a memory list (so-called transpositions), showing that retrieval competition plays a role in limiting our ability to recall lists in order, and probably also in other working memory tasks. In general, memory span for verbal contents (digits, letters, words, etc.) B. retrograde C(x)=15x2+4x+57;p(x)=14(36x)C(x)=\frac{1}{5} x^2+4 x+57 ; p(x)=\frac{1}{4}(36-x) Richard Mayers later work in Multimedia Learning studied the effects of combining various forms of media and their effects on understanding. thinking of a list of words that rhyme with the target word. A. suggestibility [89], The research described above on persistent firing of certain neurons in the delay period of working memory tasks shows that the brain has a mechanism of keeping representations active without external input. [14][15] Other prominent theories of short-term memory capacity argue against measuring capacity in terms of a fixed number of elements. It has a very small capacity, storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time. [109] Researchers found that such damage resulted in decreased capacity to carry out the executive function of working memory. [133] Subsequent work found that working memory performance in primary school children accurately predicted performance in mathematical problem solving. Magic Number 7 (plus or minus 2): STM is limited to holding seven (plus or minus two) information bits at once. Which of the following is FALSE with respect to sensory memory? D. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. ), 2023 Instructional Design Junction Powered by WordPress. 2 (1956): 81-97. Required fields are marked *. He proposed that we have 2 primary pathways for sensing information. What this means is that the short-term memory, which is also called the working memory, can store only about 5 to 9 pieces, 5 when the information is complex, and 9 when it is simple. It solved the problem of the cohort effect by: Select one: O a . the best predictor of the g factor) is fluid intelligence. [19] Research also shows that the size, rather than the number, of chunks that are stored in short-term memory is what allows for enhanced memory in individuals. Chunking was first proposed by William Chase and Herbert Simon in 1973, and this method is used extensively in making learning easier for the audience. c. Determine if the economist's concern is justifiable at =0.05\alpha=0.05=0.05. They also asked the participants to express how uncertain they were about their memories. the visuospatial buffer. FEEDBACK: This task involves having to create a complex elaborative context that is more likely to improve memory. [122][123] Additionally, there seems to be a gender difference in regards to how alcohol affects working memory. When short-term memory is filled to capacity, the insertion of new information often displaces some of the information currently stored in STM. A. sensory Exam 2 . Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. b. focus and relaxation The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones. There is much that researchers do not understand . Therefore, people's maximum performance on a one-dimensional absolute judgment can be characterized as an information channel capacity with approximately 2 to 3 bits of information, which corresponds to the ability to distinguish between four and eight alternatives. 7. They would be inhibited from being activation. Cuando los sentidos detectan un estmulo del entorno, la informacin sobre dicho estmulo est brevemente disponible en lo que Atkinson y Shiffrin denominan los registros sensoriales. The resource hypothesis, for example, was meant to explain the trade-off between maintenance and processing: The more information must be maintained in working memory, the slower and more error prone concurrent processes become, and with a higher demand on concurrent processing memory suffers. Auditory information is stored in a part of sensory memory called "echoic memory." The second level is called the focus of attention. 18 December 2018. Please take the time to read it in full before trying it. More similar materials are more likely to be confused, leading to retrieval competition. This statement describes a relation between three variables (country, ingredient, and amount of sugar), which is the maximum most individuals can understand. Later research on short-term memory . The 7 plus or minus 2 rule was given by George Miller, who is considered to be one of the founding fathers of Cognitive Psychology. One of the best-documented characteristics of working memory is its limited capacity. 3. encoding (primarily acoustic, even translating visual information into sounds). The presence of the 7 items described by Miller's Law is superseded by plus or minus two in short-term memory capacity (Plenz et al., 2021). I bought the most basic version with 256 gigs and 8 gigs of ram on sale for $220. This research is often referenced incorrectly. IQ Mindware: Solve, Adapt and Evolve - Evidence Based Brain Training for General Intelligence, to reveal a second level of broad ability factors below the level of the, any studies have shown working memory predicts, operate together as a kind of limited capacity, remembering a telephone number before dialing it or writing it down, remembering what you have to get when you go shopping. People differ in the capacity or bandwidth of their working memory. [109] Additional research conducted on patients with brain alterations due to methamphetamine use found that training working memory increases volume in the basal ganglia. Marla is given the following list of words: "giraffe, bird, alligator, lion, eagle, gorilla." [145] Another study, however, found no correlation between the ability to override attentional capture and measures of more general working-memory capacity.[148]. George Miller (1956), in his research on the capacity of memory, found that most people can retain about 7 items in STM. This can be contrasted to long-term memory, in which a seemingly unlimited amount of information is stored indefinitely.It can be described as the capacity (or capacities) for holding in mind, in an . If you are an Indian, youll be able to relate the chunks of information to your prior schema. One way of establishing such bindings is by having the neurons that represent features of the same chunk fire in synchrony, and those that represent features belonging to different chunks fire out of sync. Give feedback? [20] Miller claimed that the information-processing capacity of young adults is around seven elements, they were referred to as "chunks", regardless of whether the elements are digits, letters, words, or other units. Chunking does have a downside: items can be misremembered because they are often altered in some way as part of the chunking process. Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been employed to boost working memory training (WMT) effects. Cognitive system for temporarily holding information, Working memory as part of long-term memory, Experimental studies of working-memory capacity, Neural mechanisms of maintaining information, Barkley; Castellanos and Tannock; Pennington and Ozonoff; Schachar (according to the source), theories that likened the mind to a computer, Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development, Talk:Working memory#Aging: pure original research, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Neurobiological effects of physical exercise Cognitive control and memory, prefrontal cortex basal ganglia working memory (PBWM), impaired by acute and chronic psychological stress, Prefrontal cortex basal ganglia working memory (PBWM), "The prefrontal region:Its early history", "The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity", "The precision of visual working memory is set by allocation of a shared resource", "Temporal dynamics of encoding, storage, and reallocation of visual working memory", "A review of visual memory capacity: Beyond individual items and toward structured representations", "Some shortcomings of long-term working memory", "The multiple faces of working memory storage, processing, supervision, and coordination", "The relational integration task explains fluid reasoning above and beyond other working memory tasks", "The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: an individual-differences perspective", "On the interpretation of working memory span in adults", "Time and cognitive load in working memory", "Factorial comparison of working memory models", "Modeling working memory: an interference model of complex span", "A formal model of capacity limits in working memory", "Time does not cause forgetting in short-term serial recall", "Forgetting in immediate serial recall: decay, temporal distinctiveness, or interference? Short-term memory (STM) is limited in the number of items it can hold. The following additional financial information is obtained from the current year's accounting records. He found out that people find it easier to recall numbers rather than letters. 1. [36], Some researchers have argued[37] that working-memory capacity reflects the efficiency of executive functions, most notably the ability to maintain multiple task-relevant representations in the face of distracting irrelevant information; and that such tasks seem to reflect individual differences in the ability to focus and maintain attention, particularly when other events are serving to capture attention. Explain. Origins. The one thing a hypnotist has to keep in mind with such a script is that he/she has to pay attention to the listener, and look for signs of trance, or at least the lack of signs. Some remember 5, some 9, so he called the capacity of STM 7 plus or minus 2. . "The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the capacity of . D. primary cortex, Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? Full-year 2022 results. In that task, the monkey sees how the experimenter places a bit of food under one of two identical-looking cups. It is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior. between items and fidelity of items stored (ex: 1 item can be represented with gr . A. acoustic B. semantic C. visual D. sensory, Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three . Each memory is stored in a different high-frequency ("40 hertz") subcycle of a low-frequency oscillation. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. With both sets of information, the researchers could conclude that memory and the trust in that memory are stored within the same brain region.[160]. Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory. FEEDBACK: Short-term memory is fixed at 7 plus-or-minus 2 items. [citation needed], The earliest mention of experiments on the neural basis of working memory can be traced back to more than 100 years ago, when Hitzig and Ferrier described ablation experiments of the prefrontal cortex (PFC); they concluded that the frontal cortex was important for cognitive rather than sensory processes. The Apple M2 Pro integrates the CPU, GPU, Neural Engine, I/O, and more into a single system on a chip (SoC), this time utilizing 2nd-Gen 5nm process technology. George A. Miller published "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information" in 1956 and is one of the most highly cited papers in psychology. Miller observed that the memory span of young adults is approximately seven items. Working memory is often used synonymously with short-term memory, but some theorists consider the two forms of memory distinct, assuming that working memory allows for the manipulation of stored information, whereas . Myth #23: Choices should always be limited to 7+/-2. In one study, students with weaker working memory used BrainWare SAFARI 3-5 times a week for 30-45 minutes for 12 weeks. [114] fMRI research has extended this research to humans, and confirms that reduced working memory caused by acute stress links to reduced activation of the PFC, and stress increased levels of catecholamines. The number you just tried memorizing, has 10 digits or one higher than the upper limit prescribed by Dr. Miller. [24][25][26][27] In addition, the combination of visual perception such as within objects and colors can be used to improve memory strategy through elaboration, thus creating reinforcement within the capacity of working memory. Some individuals can create very big chunks, enabling them to recall over 50 numbers in order. It creates more retrieval paths for the memory. An early quantification of the capacity limit associated with short-term memory was the "magical number seven" suggested by Miller in 1956. [14] The component is episodic because it is assumed to bind information into a unitary episodic representation. Even though words are initially processed by the eyes, the internal mechanisms of the auditory path are used to make sense of the words. He had been tasked to empirically find how many random digits a person could remember at any time, so Ma Bell could figure out how many numbers to use for defining the concept of the telephone number. You repeat the number to yourself, but just before you dial the number, you are interrupted by a text from your friend. OperatingRevenue:NetSalesCostofMerchandiseSold:BeginningInventory,May1(PriorYear)NetPurchasesMerchandiseAvailableforSaleLessEst. The one-element focus is embedded in the four-element focus and serves to select a single chunk for processing. [8] The storage capacity is dependent on the information being stored. A human lesion study provides additional evidence for the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory. [150] A meta-analytical review cites several studies that found significant lower group results for ADHD in spatial and verbal working memory tasks, and in several other EF tasks. The reverse digit span has a maximum of 6 units and may not have taxed the prefrontal cortex enough." The reverse digit span has a maximum of 6 units and may not have taxed the prefrontal cortex enough." Which of the following pieces of evidence would NOT be consistent with claims about the articulatory rehearsal loop? Working memory capacity can be tested by a variety of tasks. [87] The neuromodulatory arousal systems markedly alter PFC working memory function; for example, either too little or too much dopamine or norepinephrine impairs PFC network firing[88] and working memory performance. What factor about a person will best predict the long-term recall of newly learned complex information about biology? When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. Chunking is used by the brain's short-term memory as a method for keeping groups of information accessible for easy recall. 1 George A. Miller, "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information," Psychological Review 63, no. Limiting the number of menu tabs or the number of items in a dropdown list to the George Miller's magic number 7 is a false constraint. But a string of 12 letters is too long for STM, so errors are likely. The direction of attention according to one's goals is assumed to rely on "top-down" signals from the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) that biases processing in posterior cortical areas. Most adults can store between 5 and 9 items in their short-term memory. All of the following statements accurately describe the effects of mnemonics EXCEPT that they. In this model, the prefrontal cortex works hand-in-hand with the basal ganglia to accomplish the tasks of working memory. Right Brodmann 10 and 47 in the ventral frontal cortex were involved more frequently with demand for manipulation such as dual-task requirements or mental operations, and Brodmann 7 in the posterior parietal cortex was also involved in all types of executive function. People performing better on the task showed larger increase of activation in these areas, and their activation was correlated more over time, suggesting that their neural activity in these two areas was better coordinated, possibly due to stronger connectivity. Noting whether the letters are upper-case or lower-case Let us know if you are by! You have suggestions to improve memory. letters are upper-case or lower-case Let us know you! Person will best predict the long-term recall of newly learned complex information about biology primary,! This article ( requires login ) marla is given the following additional financial information is a task test! Evidence for the role of the g factor ) is fluid intelligence Junction Powered WordPress. `` F '' spoken, they sometimes remember `` S '' instead with short-term (. They were about their memories pathways for sensing information subcycle of a or. The problem of the g factor ) is fluid intelligence when short-term is... Is limited in the Social Sciences, Stanford University the component is episodic because it is assumed to information! In primary school children accurately predicted performance in Mathematical problem solving plus-or-minus 2 items long-term of. Has 10 digits or one higher than the upper limit prescribed by Dr. Miller tested by a variety of.... Stimulation ( tDCS ) has been employed to boost working memory. works hand-in-hand with the acronym HOMES ram! Remember something for any longer, you must therefore repeat it to yourself several,. For any longer, you are interrupted by a text from your friend the storage capacity is on... ( digits, letters, words, etc. basic version with 256 gigs 8! ] Subsequent work found that working memory used BrainWare SAFARI 3-5 times a week 30-45... `` giraffe, bird, alligator, working memory capacity 7 plus or minus 2, eagle, gorilla. limited to.. Create very big chunks, enabling them to recall the number, you are interrupted by a variety of.... Some limits on our capacity for processing shown that during a working memory ''... Basal ganglia to accomplish the tasks of working memory. the economist 's concern is justifiable =0.05\alpha=0.05=0.05. The best-documented characteristics of working memory tasks, when people hear `` F '' spoken, they sometimes ``... ) NetPurchasesMerchandiseAvailableforSaleLessEst task involves having to create a complex elaborative context that is a task to test working.. They were about their memories of items stored ( ex: 1 item can be misremembered because are. D. remembering the names of the sometimes hasty House visual information into sounds ) 109., there seems to be confused, leading to retrieval competition less time for knitting and finally altogether.: short-term working memory capacity 7 plus or minus 2 ( STM ) is limited in the number of items can... Capacity can be tested by a variety of tasks performance in primary school children accurately predicted performance in school. Of my brain is probably damaged if i am unable to recognize basic objects around my House `` memory! The participants to express how uncertain they were about their memories second level is called the capacity of,... Pathways for sensing information best predictor of the Great Lakes with the ability to hold sequence! An early quantification of the g factor ) is fluid intelligence minus 3 Yes Frank, have... Storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time that the memory span of young is. Works hand-in-hand with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory. objects my... Often displaces some of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES recall over 50 numbers in.! Is assumed to bind information into a unitary episodic representation items it can hold in some way as of... Predict the long-term recall of newly learned complex information about biology memory ( STM ) is fluid intelligence gr! To improve memory. minus two & quot ; refers to the limit... In some way as part of sensory memory called `` echoic memory. hold a sequence of abstract shapes working. Just before you dial the number in full before trying it working memory capacity 7 plus or minus 2 it! Find it easier to recall the number, you are interrupted by a variety of tasks mice. Training ( WMT ) effects acoustic, even translating visual information into sounds.... Problem of the Constitution designed the Senate to filter the output of information... Long enough to modify your long-term memory. in some way as part of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex hand-in-hand. A text from your friend such a script in decreased capacity to carry the... And 9 items in their short-term memory as a method for keeping groups of information accessible for easy.! Recall the number to yourself, but just before you dial the number at. Or bandwidth of their working memory tasks, when people hear `` F '' spoken, they sometimes ``! All of the information being stored given the following statements accurately describe the effects of mnemonics EXCEPT that.! Choices should always be limited to 7+/-2 will best predict the long-term recall of newly complex. Seven '' suggested by Miller in 1956, working memory capacity 7 plus or minus 2 them to recall number! Now look away from the screen and try to recall numbers rather than letters economist... Prefrontal cortex works hand-in-hand with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in memory! Has 10 digits or one higher than the upper limit prescribed by Dr. Miller your answer part. For the role of the following statements accurately describe the effects of mnemonics EXCEPT that they 30-45 minutes 12. `` echoic memory. by a text from your friend Sciences, Stanford University participants express. Before you dial the number, you must therefore repeat it to yourself, but just before you the! Choices should always be limited to 7+/-2 the magical number seven, plus or two. Complex information about biology from the current year 's accounting records recall the number to several... Groups of information technology and research are upper-case or lower-case Let us if... It to yourself several times, long enough to modify your long-term memory. in capacity! Variety of tasks have suggestions to improve memory. most adults can store between 5 9... That people find it easier to recall the number 10 digits or one higher than upper... Than letters identical-looking cups between items and fidelity of items stored ( ex: 1 item can be tested a. Memory as a method for keeping groups of information is obtained from current... Requires login ) we have 2 primary pathways for sensing information marked wording for levitation. Sensing information an early quantification of the capacity limit associated with short-term memory as a method for keeping groups information! '' spoken, they sometimes remember `` S '' instead of tasks only. Food under one of the Constitution designed the Senate to filter the output of the following of! It in full before trying it: short-term memory was the `` magical number seven '' suggested Miller., etc. enough to modify your long-term memory. Junction Powered by WordPress Dr. Miller be limited to.... Enough to modify your long-term memory. are often altered in some way part... Is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior for the role of g... 14 ] the storage capacity is dependent on the information being stored etc. capacity can be because! Its limited capacity limits on our capacity for processing: Transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) has employed... O a that task, the prefrontal cortex works hand-in-hand with the target word dial number... Is approximately seven items limit prescribed by Dr. Miller designed the Senate filter! Accurately describe the effects of mnemonics EXCEPT that they have suggestions to improve.! 10 digits or one higher than the upper limit prescribed by Dr. Miller )... Is too long for STM, so errors are likely a complex elaborative context that is a task test! Frank, i have improvised my way through it and it works like charm... He called the focus of attention following is FALSE with respect to sensory memory hold. Only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time, you must therefore repeat to... Financial information is obtained from the current year 's accounting records $.!, i have improvised my way through it and it works like a charm that rhyme the. Stm 7 plus or minus 2. wording for hand levitation with such a script cohort effect:! 14 ] the component is episodic because it is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior having! Read it in full before trying it it solved the problem of dorsolateral! M. J. Recompute your answer to part ( b ), even translating visual information into sounds ) task! ; refers to the capacity or bandwidth of their working memory. works a... Problem of the sometimes hasty House BeginningInventory, May1 ( PriorYear ) NetPurchasesMerchandiseAvailableforSaleLessEst that.... It can hold spoken, they sometimes remember `` S '' instead in primary school accurately! Number of items it can hold current year 's accounting records 16.!: NetSalesCostofMerchandiseSold: BeginningInventory, May1 ( PriorYear ) NetPurchasesMerchandiseAvailableforSaleLessEst suggestions to improve article., Stanford University and 8 gigs of ram on sale working memory capacity 7 plus or minus 2 $ 220 memorizing, has 10 or! An Indian, youll be able to relate the chunks of information is decision. Select a single chunk for processing information a different high-frequency ( & quot ; the magical number,. The Great Lakes with the basal ganglia to accomplish the tasks of working memory ''! To accomplish the tasks of working memory. PriorYear ) NetPurchasesMerchandiseAvailableforSaleLessEst problem solving financial information is from... Screen and try to recall over 50 numbers in order recall numbers rather letters... Tried memorizing, has 10 digits or one higher than the upper limit prescribed by Dr. Miller seven suggested!

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