nickname of confederate soldiers

The abstracts made from the original records were carefully checked to ensure that the abstracts were accurate.. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were involved at any time during the war. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. U.S., Confederate Service Records, 1861-1865, U.S., Union Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865, Provided in association with National Archives and Records Administration. [32], The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. By the mid-war, most regiments averaged 300400 men, with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts. Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large, mostly volunteer, armies,[15][16] with the opposing objectives: putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union on the one hand, and establishing independence from the United States on the other. The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.[60]. [112] Tennessee joined the Confederacy in 1861, but Tennessee soldiers served in both the Union and Confederate armies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The search engine finds names alphabetically. Most of the men whose names appear in this index served with units from 15 different states or territories; others were soldiers raised directly by the Confederate government, generals and staff officers, and other enlisted men not associated with a regiment. America Discover several new games that we've added to our collection! A link to the app was sent to your phone. In the absence of exact records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees, are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. It is also called the Southern Confederacy and refers to 11 states that renounced their existing agreement with others of the United States in 1860-1861 and attempted to establish a new nation in which the authority of the central government would be strictly limited and the institution of slavery would be protected. Find Confederate Soldiers stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Website Name. Lee's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania (a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.[80]. Gen. Fred C. Ainsworth, head of the Record and Pension Office of the War Department. In 1864, the Confederates burned down Chambersburg, a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before, due to its failure to pay an extortion demand. Although only 20% of a sample of 429 Southern soldiers named slavery as the main reason they were fighting in the war, there was a reason for that, according to McPherson: Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. Some states (such as North Carolina) were able to better supply their soldiers, while other states (such as Texas) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued. The main Confederate armies, the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered to the U.S. on April 9, 1865 (officially April 12), and April 18, 1865 (officially April 26). South: Also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States of America, or (by Northerners) the Rebel states, the South incorporated the states that seceded from the United States of America to form their own nation. To each member, Fifty Dollars Bounty, clothes, arms, camp equipage &c: furnished. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Local pressures mounted as Union forces occupied more and more Confederate territory, putting more and more families at risk of hardship. Many soldiers went home temporarily ("Absent Without Official Leave") and quietly returned when their family problems had been resolved. Union nickname for Confederate soldiers because of their gray McPherson admits some flaws in his sampling of letters. [4] Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the army at any given date. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so. Lee was formally designated general in chief by an act of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865. The treaty covered sixty-four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty, Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities, and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. [85] The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service. An exact There were seven full generals in the CSA; Steven G. Collins, "System in the South: John W. Mallet, Josiah Gorgas, and uniform production at the confederate ordnance department.". The manual used by doctors in the CSA. [91][92] According to abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet in 1862, he had met a slave who "had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion", but the slave had since defected to "the side of Union and universal liberty". Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. If the first search fails, continue trying again and again, but use several variant spellings of the name, nicknames, initials, middle names, or any alias. former british soldier, refused to charge lower rents. most of the battlefields were located in Confederate states. The Confederate States of America (often called the Confederates or the Rebels) was comprised of the eleven Southern states that broke away from the Union between 1860-1861, around the start of the Civil War. Kirkland did not stop until he had helped every wounded soldier (Confederate and Federal) on the Confederate end of the battlefield. Was Slavery the Primary Cause of the Civil War? Members of all the military forces of the Confederate States (the army, the navy, and the marine corps) are often referred to as "Confederates", and members of the Confederate army were referred to as "Confederate soldiers". Stand Watie, along with a few Cherokee, sided with the Confederate army, in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee. [9] The Confederacy's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond on April 3, 1865, and exerted no control over the remaining armies. "[22], In some cases, the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint,[91][92] such as at the First Battle of Bull Run. 58692. Official Records, Series IV, Vol. Richard Rowland Kirkland (August 1843 September 20, 1863), known as "The Angel of Marye's Heights", was a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War, noted by both sides for his bravery and the story of his humanitarian actions during the Battle of Fredericksburg. The Civil War was a fiery prism at the center of American society. Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. gray. "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. [28] Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts; all five upheld them.[29]. The full service records are housed at the National Archives and Records Administration. The southern states called this new union they had created the "Confederacy," or more formally "the Confederate States of America" (a.k.a. Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations, especially as the war progressed. The Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter signed the outbreak ", "How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. At first, it was thought that the Union would open fire, which would result in the Confederacy returning fire, resulting in Kirkland being caught in a crossfire. The precise number of Confederate soldiers from each state is unknown because many military records were destroyed when Richmond was evacuated in 1865. Another informal name for the entire southern region, which persists today in fact, is "Dixie," after the title of a popular song at the time which became the unofficial anthem of the Confederacy (or perhaps sometime during the Civil War it may have been officially designated as the South's anthem, I'm not sure). What Were the Major Strategies of the Civil War? Individual commanders often had to "beg, borrow or steal" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. Under the commands of Robert E. Lee and Samuel Cooper, soldiers of the Confederacy lived by the Motto "Deo Vindice" (God will vindicate us). ', "The South's Inner Civil War: The more fiercely the Confederacy fought for its independence, the more bitterly divided it became. There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. For example, on August 19, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson approved the court-martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion, rejecting pleas for clemency from the soldiers' regimental commander. "The Blue and Gray in Black and White: Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers," in 'Aaron Sheehan-Dean, ed., 'The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 07:07. All U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 results for Franz Khler. It is estimated that over 100,000 Confederate soldiers deserted during the war, more than 250,000 died of wounds or disease and 200,000 were wounded. This was about 10 percent of the total Union fighting force. What was of the nickname of the Union Army? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Vol 2, C.A. As the The Northern soldiers nicknames were the Yankees or Yanks. Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? On December 13, 1862, Kirkland's unit had formed at the stone wall at the base of "Marye's Heights" near Fredericksburg, Virginia. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.[18]. The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles. Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. This is a 15 volume print series that you can use in the Daniel Library. [81][82] They fought knowing they might jeopardize their freedom, unique cultures, and ancestral lands if they ended up on the losing side of the Civil War. [12][13] The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did, because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it: [O]nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. General Kershaw later stated that he observed Kirkland for more than an hour and a half. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw, also from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and informed him that he wished to help the wounded Union soldiers. Mostabout 90,000were former . the "CSA"), whereas the northern states that remained united under the U.S. Constitution were called collectively "the Union.". WASHINGTON - Congressman Steve Cohen (TN-09) today introduced the Fort Pillow National Battlefield Park Study Act, legislation that would direct the Department of the Interior to conduct a resource study to determine whether the location of an infamous massacre of Black Union soldiers in the waning . ", Samuel J. Watson, "Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies. Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy: Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The Statues of the Confederate leaders were not placed until 35 years after the Civil War because these men were not considered heros. Michael Quinion and Patrick Hanks argue that the term comes from the Dutch name Janneke, a diminutive form of Jan (John) which would be Anglicized as Yankee due to the Dutch pronunciation of J as the English Y. Its Anglicized spelling Yankee could, in this way, have been used to mock Dutch colonists. Johnny, or just plain Reb. Despite his youth, Kirkland enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861, not long after war was declared, before his older brothers. These lists contain names of Confederate soldiers, their regiment, and burial place transcribed from monuments and headstones. [93] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support. The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed on March 6. Sources:McKim, Randolph A. 14 day loan required to access EPUB and PDF files. Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate Army, Confederate mortar crew at Warrington, Florida in 1861, across from Fort Pickens, Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863, Lt Col. E. V. Nash, 4th Georgia Infantry Doles-Cook Brigade, who was killed in 1864. The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia, whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the U.S. Civil War. At home their families were in worsening condition and faced starvation and the depredations of roving bands of marauders. "They forced their negroes to load their cannon," reported a U.S. officer. "[53], Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations. A disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp, and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. As in the U.S. Army, the Confederate Army's soldiers were organized by military specialty. "[126], Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of soldiers who served in the Confederate army impossible. Many of their soldiers deserted, returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them. Occasionally, a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army. The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command. Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black. In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War, historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years: Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. [79], By 1863, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men, as they did in planning strategy and tactics. While I think the slavery was certainly a significant catalyst (along with tariffs & internal improvements) for the war, once started the Southern objective was simple: obtain independence in a national liberation struggle. [108], On March 13, 1865,[22] the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14[109][110] by a single vote in the Confederate senate,[22][111] and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law. W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy. During the American Civil War and afterwards, Johnny Reb and his Union counterpart Billy Yank were used in speech and literature to symbolize the common soldiers who fought in the Civil War in the 1860s. in Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt-Brown, ed., Ted Alexander, "'A Regular Slave Hunt': The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign,", Last edited on 20 February 2023, at 07:07, military forces of the Confederate States, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War, General officers in the Confederate States Army, Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States, Confederate States of America Transportation systems, Native Americans in the American Civil War, Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War Confederacy, Blockade runners of the American Civil War, General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States, Military of the Confederate States of America, Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces, Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States, Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States, "Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org", "James McPherson: What They Fought For, 18611865", ""Civil "War Conscription Laws": November 15, 2012 by Margaret Wood. Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity, he would have turned against his Confederate captors, and "could do it with pleasure". He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy. The Union name for the battle is derived from Antietam Creek, which flows south from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to the . Confederate soldiers were called rebel, Grayback (because of the color of their uniform), Grays, Johnny Reb, Johnny, or just plain reb. At the beginning of the war, Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. III, pp. 35,000 worksheets, games, and lesson plans, Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and learning. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. In April 1862,[22] the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act,[23] which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army.

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