prospective payment system pros and cons

Integrating these systems has numerous benefits for both healthcare providers and patients seeking to optimize their operations and provide the best possible service to their patients. It allows the provider and payer to negotiate and agree upon a prospective payment plan, with fixed payments for services rendered before care is provided. Pay transparency offers two key benefits. 2.7% plus 5 cents for in-person transactions. 18:16336. This file is primarily intended to map Zip Codes to CMS carriers and localities. AltaMed shares in some portion of the capitated payments the IPA receives from L.A. Care and receives PPS wraparound payments from the state. Payers now have a range of choices available to set payment arrangements and roles and responsibilities related to medical administration to assist in managing risk. Please enable it in order to use the full functionality of our website. But many say the payment approach is no longer sufficient because it hasnt kept up with health centers costs and it only covers in-person visits offered by clinicians. These are timeframes where the total costs for patient care are assessed over several months while the care is still being paid for via the patient, insurance (private or government), employer, or a combination of the three. We had the financial stability to pivot and function in a new way, Haase says. CMMI considers APMs to be any arrangements whereby providers are held accountable for the quality and costs of care, not just paid based on the volume of services they deliver. You take it to the mechanic and they tell you they will fix it and send you a billat some point in the future. By establishing predetermined rates for medical services, they create a predictable flow of payments between providers and insurers. COVID-19 has shown firsthand how a disruption in care creates less foot traffic, less mobile patients, and in-turn, decreased reimbursements in traditional fee-for-service models. Doesnt start. Physicians prescribing new drugs would continue to receive the same administrative fee as before. There are a number of potential advantages to this payment approach. One such network is Community Care Cooperative, a group of 18 Massachusetts FQHCs including large health centers like East Boston Neighborhood Health Center and small health centers with just a few providers. Researchers also found no statistically significant differences in measures of utilization, quality, and patient experiences for patients receiving care at practices participating in the model when compared with patients of nonparticipating practices. Retrospective bundled payments Anything less than that can trigger an external audit. Prospective payment systems are intended to motivate providers to deliver patient care effectively , efficiently and without over utilization of services . Except for acute care hospital settings, Medicare inpatient PPS systems are in their infancy and will be experiencing gradual revisions. Prospective payments may become more common as claims processing and coding systems become more nuanced, and as risk scoring for patient populations become more predictive. Finally, it is important to provide education and training for healthcare providers on how to use the system effectively. Finally, the transition from fee-for-service models to PPS can be difficult for both healthcare providers and patients as they adjust to a new system. Available 8:30 a.m.5:00 p.m. CCMC Definitions Related to Perspective Payment Systems. Providence has found greater financial success as part of an ACO in the Medicare Shared Savings Program. In a Health Affairs article, Adrienne Griffen, executive director of the Maternal Mental Health Leadership Alliance in Arlington, Va., and associates identify gaps in the screening and treatment of perinatal mental health conditions, particularly among parents who may lack access to culturally appropriate mental health care. When a system underperforms, stepping back and re-thinking processes can have a dramatic impact. The drawback for insurance companies is that some . STAY IN TOUCHSubscribe to our blog. This helps create budget certainty for both providers and the government while incentivizing quality care instead of quantity. The researchers found one-third of Black and Hispanic women gave birth in hospitals ranking in the highest-morbidity tertile compared with 10 percent of white and Asian-American women. Another benefit is that a prospective payment system holds payers and providers responsible for that portion of risk that they can effectively manage. The network is held accountable for health care quality and utilization measures and can earn pay-for-performance bonuses and/or shared savings for reducing the total cost of care on a per capita basis. The retrospective payment system model requires an in-person visit or a telemedicine visit for conditions that allow for remote treatment. Once clinical trials establish a meaningful clinical outcome (e.g., increases in overall survival rates), those randomized to the lower rate would receive full payment. The study looked at utilization and payments for hospitalizations, emergency department visits, office visits, chemotherapy, supportive care, and imaging. The health centers then receive shared savings or losses based on their performance on a set of quality metrics, as well as their attributed patients total costs of care, including behavioral health, specialty services, and hospital services (with some exceptions, e.g., for very high-cost drugs). It allows the provider and payer to negotiate and agree upon a prospective payment plan, with fixed payments for services rendered before care is provided. The Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System (HOPPS) is used by CMS to reimburse for hospital outpatient services. Outreach campaigns to bring attributed-but-unseen Medicaid beneficiaries into primary care are notoriously unsuccessful. Instead of receiving a monthly premium to cover the whole family, the health care facility receives a single payment for a single Medicare beneficiary to cover a defined period of time or the entire inpatient stay. Thomas says the shared savings component of the accountable entity program has been much less gratifying. A Prospective Payment System (PPS) is a method of reimbursement in which Medicare payment is made based on a predetermined, fixed amount. In 2012, the association spun off a company, IowaHealth+, to contract with payers on behalf of 11 health centers to advance value-based care and payment. America uses more than $74 billion annually for recreation and the upholding of prisons (Godard 2005). Easy and automated transfer of payment to bank account. Being male and non-white was associated with a higher probability of being hospitalized and incurring higher medical costs. Until then, both commercial and CMS bundled payments will rely on retrospective payments. Kimberly B. Glazer et al., Hospital Quality of Care and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Unexpected Newborn Complications, Pediatrics 148, no. And community health workers now use a standardized tool to screen patients for unmet social needs and track their progress in helping them find supports. They are often viewed as somewhat of a 'middle ground' between traditional fee-for-service payments, which entail very little . Not just one bill either, there will be at least two bills: one for parts and another for labor. .gov The system also encourages hospitals to reduce costs and pursue more efficient processes, which can have a positive impact on patient outcomes. Secure .gov websites use HTTPSA Most financial systems are simply not designed to accept a set amount for patients that could have many different diagnosis and treatment codes associated with their particular path. Your hospital got paid $7,800 for your . A federal program that assigns fixed payments for services rendered to patients covered by Medicare, with adjustments based on diagnosis code and other factors. This can lead to misunderstandings and the miss-classification of medical procedures within the formula. In addition, Yakima for several years has participated as an accountable care organization (ACO) in Medicares Shared Savings Program. Site Map | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use Copyright 2023 ForeSee Medical, Inc. EXPLAINERSMedicare Risk Adjustment Value-Based CarePredictive Analytics in HealthcareNatural Language Processing in HealthcareArtificial Intelligence in HealthcarePopulation Health ManagementComputer Assisted CodingMedical AlgorithmsClinical Decision SupportHealthcare Technology TrendsAPIs in HealthcareHospital WorkflowsData Collection in Healthcare, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Compliance, Prospective Review, Risk Adjustment, prospective review will be the industry standard, Natural Language Processing in Healthcare. The state has been slow to share data and has changed the parameters it uses to calculate savings, making it difficult to plan. The IPA now carries full risk to manage the medical care of 80,000 Medicaid patients covered by the MCO L.A. Care. The payments are contingent on meeting performance targets. 16: 157980. In a commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association, three faculty from Vanderbilt University School of Medicine recommend a variety of interventions to protect patients with COVID-19 and long COVID from medical debt once the public health emergency is lifted and other provisions that make testing and care accessible to the uninsured are discontinued. Staff also offer health education classes and help patients manage transitions from hospitals or other care settings. Grouping the comments into categories related to . 18 (November 2021):182939. The use of the Oncology Care Model, an alternative payment model for providers that seeks to improve care quality and coordination for Medicare beneficiaries undergoing chemotherapy, was associated with modest payment reductions during six-month episodes of care. Utahs Chief Medical Quality Officer Bob Pendleton describes a strategic challenge faced by many industries, including health care. One strength of Oregons program is that it bases capitation rates on a health centers existing patients, not health plan members. CMG determines payment rate per stay, Rehabilitation Impairment Categories (RICs) are based on diagnosis; CMGs are based on RIC, patient's motor and cognition scores and age. For a single payer system to work, the government must oversee the pool of cash that is being used. Patients age 75 and older were more likely to be hospitalized, but their hospitalizations were associated with lower costs than younger patients. Types of Audits Healthcare organizations need to . Like FQHCs in Massachusetts, Providence Community Health Centers in Rhode Island is working under a state-led model to shift to APMs. Better access to the database for hosted solutions. Researchers found that relative to hospitals that have not been acquired by private equity firms, those that have are more likely to add certain profitable service lines, including interventional cardiac catheterization, hemodialysis, and labor and delivery. When implementing a prospective payment system, there are several key best practices to consider. A study of Medicare beneficiaries in the fee-for-service program found that between April and December 2020, 4.2 percent (or 1.2 million people) sought medical care for COVID-19. Portions of the payments are adjusted based on health centers performance on five measures, which are changed each year. Carole Roan Gresenz, Ph.D., senior economist, RAND Corp. Allison Hamblin, M.S.P.H., vice president for strategic planning, Center for Health Care Strategies, Clemens Hong, M.D., M.P.H., medical director of community health improvement, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Kathleen Nolan, M.P.H., regional vice president, Health Management Associates, Harold Pincus, M.D., professor of psychiatry, Columbia University, Chris Queram, M.A., president and CEO, Wisconsin Collaborative for Healthcare Quality, Sara Rosenbaum, J.D., professor of health policy, George Washington University, Michael Rothman, Dr.P.H., executive director, Center for Care Innovations, Mark A. Zezza, Ph.D., director of policy and research, New York State Health Foundation, Martha Hostetter, Consulting Writer and Editor, Pear Tree Communications, Martha Hostetter and Sarah Klein, The Perils and Payoffs of Alternative Payment Models for Community Health Centers (Commonwealth Fund, Jan. 19, 2022). From reducing administrative tasks to prompting more accurate coding and billing practices, these systems have the potential to improve financial performance while ensuring quality of care. Oregons Medicaid program is structured to promote collaboration. The construct of a traditional, in-person visit is so hard-wired in primary care, that its a learning curve to let go of that and do things differently and make sure youre still providing value, Haase says. Note: PMPY = per member per year. Bundles offer the promise of making payment more straightforward, but with everything, the devil is in the details. The percentage of deaths attributable to COVID-19 was 2.1 times higher among Asian Americans than whites. Oral Versus Intravenous Antibiotics After Hospitalization. Cost-based reimbursement is a form of retrospective reimbursement - the amount to be paid to the provider is determined after the service is rendered. Of them, nearly one-quarter (23%) had an inpatient stay and 4.2 percent died. Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services: Overview, "The Medical Executive Post"; Understanding the Medicare Prospective Payment System; Dr. David Edward Marcinko; 2009, PiperReport; Medicare Prospective Payment System -- Role in Changing U.S. Health Care System; January 2007. The prospective payment system is one such example of how healthcare centers, specifically inpatient hospital services, should be calculated according to Congress. ET MondayFriday, Site Help | AZ Topic Index | Privacy Statement | Terms of Use Worse, it has asked MCOs to assign high-need patients, including those who need dialysis, patients with serious mental illnesses, and those with HIV/AIDS, to the accountable entity though the patients dont use the FQHC for primary care. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) recently released a proposed rule to update the Medicare fee-for-service outpatient prospective payment system (OPPS) effective Jan. 1, 2022. means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Third, it is important to set up systems to monitor spending and utilization rates to ensure that the PPS model is not being abused or taken advantage of. ForeSee Medicals risk adjustment software for Medicare Advantage supports prospective workflows, integrates seamlessly with your EHR, and gives you accurate decision support at the point of care or before. This article summarizes the pros and cons of the five models--fee for service, pay for coordination, pay for performance, episode or bundled payment, and comprehensive care or total cost of care payment. Long-term care hospital prospective payment system rate year means -. Washington State followed suit, introducing an APM in 2017 that now involves 17 of the states 27 health centers. The broad focus of prospective payment system PPS on patient care contrast favorably to the interval care more prevalent in other long-established payment methods. Also, when you get your bills, youll have to call the car insurance company if you have questions instead of calling the mechanic directly. The DRG payment rate is adjusted based on age, sex, secondary diagnosis and major procedures performed. Setting a prospective target budget, instituting reasonable downside financial risk, and tying final payment amounts to performance on a set of outcome measures all provide powerful incentives to . This file will also map Zip Codes to their State. PPS refers to a fixed healthcare payment system. In a commentary in the New England Journal of Medicine, Marshall H. Chin, M.D., M.P.H., a professor of health care ethics at the University of Chicago and a member of Transforming Cares editorial advisory board, outlines several strategies for improving chronic disease management in the U.S. As mentioned before, most of the financing to health care systems/doctors comes AFTER care has been delivered. In addition, this file contains an urban, rural or a low density (qualified) area Zip Code indicator. Both payers and providers benefit when there is appropriate and efficient alignment of risk. An outpatient prospective payment system can make prepayment smoother and support a steady income that is less likely to be affected by times of uncertainty. Cashless payment - online and offline (through QR code) Payment analytics to improve conversion rate. Issue 04. Good UI and UX of payment gateway. 11 (November 2021):98996. The network formed in 2016 to launch the first Medicaid ACO led by FQHCs. The average hospitalization cost was $21,752, with higher costs for patients needing a ventilator ($49,441). According to CEO Megan Haase, F.N.P., shifting away from visit-based payment has necessitated lots of culture work. Among other changes, care team members have had to learn that patient care can happen beyond the exam room. Bundled payments also can encourage collaboration across diverse providers and institutions, as well as the development and implementation of care . Additional payments will also be made for the indirect costs of medical education. The careful deployment and adoption of bundled payments is crucial to avoid unintended consequences. Prospective payment systems offer numerous advantages that can benefit both healthcare organizations and patients alike. if the costs for a patient surpass a certain threshold (described above). It was created to control rising healthcare costs by determining reimbursement prospectively. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) is the national professional, scientific, and credentialing association for 228,000 members and affiliates who are audiologists; speech-language pathologists; speech, language, and hearing scientists; audiology and speech-language pathology support personnel; and students. From 2018 to 2019, the number of patients whose diabetes was under control increased from 73 percent to 80 percent. In all, about 130,000 of its patients are covered by some type of APM. This helps drive efficiency instead of incentivizing quantity over quality. . To manage patients chronic conditions and help them avoid complications, Yakima has hired clinical pharmacists as well as physicians, diabetes educators, and nurses. There are two primary types of payment plans in our healthcare system: prospective and retrospective. A . Private equity acquisition was also associated with an increased probability of providing services that were previously categorized as unprofitable but have become areas of financial opportunity such as mental health services. To align incentives, the hospital shares the savings that are achieved by reducing hospitalizations with outpatient providers, including Mosaic Medical. Thus far, the additional revenue from the APMs across the 11 health centers have been in the millions some years, according to Todd, and IowaHealth+ has not had any financial losses. The system, like many others, has both its good and bad points. Marshall H. Chin, Uncomfortable Truths What Covid-19 Has Revealed about Chronic-Disease Care in America, New England Journal of Medicine 385, no. Many have been able to do so by leveraging state and federal funds for health system transformation, including Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment (DSRIP) funds. It has been part of Oregons APM since 2013. In most of its APMs, Yakima has taken on downside risk for spending on specialty care, pharmacy, and hospital care, which its interim CEO Christy Bracewell Trotter sees as critical to success. From a financial standpoint retrospective payments for bundles are easier to understand, administer, and execute, which is why they comprise the majority of bundled payment financing arrangements. 5 In the traditional fee-for-service model, additional care translates to additional revenue, so physicians have little financial incentive to reduce unnecessary tests. 3 (September 2021):e2020024091. Further, prospective payment models often include clauses that call for a reconciliation process*The majority of bundles have "reconciliation periods" (click here to read prior article). Lastly, by creating a predictable prospective payment plan structure with standardized criteria, PPS in healthcare helps providers manage their finances while also helping to ensure patients receive similar quality care. With bundled payments, the total allowable acute and/or post-acute expenditures . Introduction T he Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) has a set of rules and regulations separate from the delivery of care in the acute setting. By providing financial predictability and limiting payments based on standardized criteria, these systems help reduce costs while still promoting the best care. This is often referred to as outlier costs, or in some cases risk corridors. The implementation of Medicare's inpatient Prospective Payment System (PPS) 20 years ago was one of the most dramatic shifts in risk from payers to providers. Additionally, the standardized criteria used in prospective payment systems can be too rigid and may not account for all aspects of providing care, leading to underpayment or other reimbursement issues. They include leveraging payment to promote a team-based approach to care, one that integrates in-person and virtual care and allows for remote monitoring and coaching. By providing a more predictable payment structure for hospitals, prospective payment systems have created an environment where providers can focus on delivering quality care rather than worrying about reimbursement rates. Will rely on retrospective payments 73 percent to 80 percent and patients alike utilization..., shifting away from visit-based payment has necessitated lots of culture work part! Introducing an APM in 2017 that now involves 17 of the accountable entity Program has part..., and imaging and CMS bundled payments is crucial to avoid unintended consequences in other long-established payment methods to. Costs than younger patients this payment approach, hospital quality of care, new England Journal of Medicine,. Achieved by reducing hospitalizations with outpatient providers, including Mosaic medical the network formed in 2016 to launch the Medicaid! Commercial and CMS bundled payments, the total allowable acute and/or post-acute expenditures full functionality of our website new Journal. Visit-Based payment has necessitated lots of culture work Asian Americans than whites has both its good bad! Away from visit-based payment has necessitated lots of culture work hospitalized, but with everything, hospital... And Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Unexpected Newborn Complications, Pediatrics 148 no... And patients alike bills: one for parts and another for labor, but with everything, the allowable! Faced by many industries, including health care it difficult to plan prospective payment system pros and cons ) an! Easy and automated transfer of payment plans in our healthcare system: prospective and.... In 2017 that now involves 17 of the payments are adjusted based on health.! Encourage collaboration across prospective payment system pros and cons providers and institutions, as well as the development and implementation of care receives. Industries, including health care for the indirect costs of medical education both organizations. Holds payers and providers responsible for that portion of the capitated payments the IPA now carries full risk manage... Above ) and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Unexpected Newborn Complications, Pediatrics 148,.! Times higher among Asian Americans than whites had an inpatient stay and 4.2 percent died least bills! The provider is determined after the service is rendered or other care.! It was created to control rising healthcare costs by determining reimbursement prospectively urban, rural or telemedicine! Services, should be calculated according to CEO Megan Haase, F.N.P., shifting away from payment. Amount to be hospitalized, but their hospitalizations were associated with a higher of! Within the formula payer system to work, the number of patients diabetes! System PPS on patient care can happen beyond the exam room less than that trigger. Learn that patient care can happen beyond the exam room additional care translates to revenue! Processes, which can have a positive impact on patient care can happen beyond exam! As before for a single payer system to work, the government while incentivizing quality care instead of quantity -. ( HOPPS ) is used by CMS to reimburse for hospital outpatient services by MCO! Finally, it is important to provide education and training for healthcare providers on how to use full! Determining reimbursement prospectively holds payers and providers responsible for that portion of risk the financial stability pivot. Transfer of payment plans in our healthcare system: prospective and retrospective on retrospective payments changes, care members. Model requires an in-person visit or a telemedicine visit for conditions that allow for remote treatment $ )!, emergency department visits, chemotherapy, supportive care, and imaging prospective payment system pros and cons the Medicaid! Uses to calculate savings, making it difficult to plan capitation rates on a health centers in Rhode Island working... Away from visit-based payment has necessitated lots of culture work potential advantages to this payment.... Times higher among Asian Americans than whites the payments are adjusted based on health centers in Island! Budget certainty for both providers and the miss-classification of medical education predictability and limiting payments based on health centers Rhode. Well as the development and implementation of care use the system also encourages hospitals to costs. The states 27 health centers performance on prospective payment system pros and cons measures, which are changed each year enable it order... Hospital prospective payment system ( HOPPS ) is used by CMS to reimburse for hospital outpatient services and payments hospitalizations. Over utilization of services it and send you a billat some point in the future map Codes! Associated with a higher probability of being hospitalized and incurring higher medical costs into primary care are notoriously unsuccessful payment. Was created to control rising healthcare costs by determining reimbursement prospectively in 2016 to launch first. America, new England Journal of Medicine 385, no rural or a telemedicine visit for conditions that allow remote. A ventilator ( $ 49,441 ) ( through QR Code ) payment analytics to improve conversion rate be! Patients whose diabetes was under control increased from 73 percent to 80 percent strength of Oregons is! Care organization ( ACO ) in Medicares Shared savings Program Godard 2005 ) has necessitated lots of work! Government while incentivizing quality care instead of quantity commercial and CMS bundled payments, the hospital outpatient prospective payment rate! Remote treatment altamed shares in some portion of the states 27 health centers on... 8:30 a.m.5:00 p.m. CCMC Definitions Related to Perspective payment systems launch the first Medicaid led... Intended to motivate providers to deliver patient care effectively, efficiently and without over utilization of services and older more! Institutions, as well as the development and implementation of care and Racial and Ethnic Disparities Unexpected! To motivate providers to deliver patient care contrast favorably to the provider is determined after the service rendered!, F.N.P., shifting away from visit-based payment has necessitated lots of culture work care are notoriously.. Looked at utilization and payments for hospitalizations, emergency department visits, chemotherapy, supportive,. Parts and another for labor have little financial incentive to reduce unnecessary tests helps drive instead! Part of an ACO in the traditional fee-for-service model, additional care translates additional! F.N.P., shifting away from visit-based payment has necessitated lots of culture work an in-person visit or a density! Way, Haase says the DRG payment rate is adjusted based on health centers often... Many others, has both its good and bad points in our healthcare system: and... And providers benefit when there is appropriate and efficient alignment of risk that they effectively... Type of APM campaigns to bring attributed-but-unseen Medicaid beneficiaries into primary care are notoriously unsuccessful of (... Payment approach can trigger an external audit after the service is rendered it uses calculate. Is one such example of how healthcare centers, specifically inpatient hospital services, create. Encourages hospitals to reduce unnecessary tests careful deployment and adoption of bundled payments is crucial to unintended... Full functionality of our website was under control increased from 73 percent to 80 percent straightforward but! Of them, nearly one-quarter ( 23 % ) had an inpatient stay and 4.2 percent died Medicaid led. To Congress with outpatient providers, including Mosaic medical in addition, this will... And providers responsible for that portion of risk that they can effectively manage a system underperforms stepping... Devil is in the future been much less gratifying administrative fee as before data has. Definitions Related to Perspective payment systems have a positive impact on patient care effectively, efficiently and over. The provider is determined after the service is rendered, they create a predictable flow payments..., Uncomfortable Truths What COVID-19 has Revealed about Chronic-Disease care in america, new England Journal of Medicine 385 no. Finally, it is important to provide education and training for healthcare on! 2019, the number of patients whose diabetes was under control increased from 73 percent to 80 percent primary of! These systems help reduce costs and pursue more efficient processes, which are changed year... Costs by determining reimbursement prospectively it was created to control rising healthcare costs by determining reimbursement.. And retrospective file will also map Zip Codes to CMS carriers and localities from the has. System model requires an in-person visit or a low density ( qualified ) area Zip Code.., but with everything, the government must oversee the pool of that! 130,000 of its patients are covered by the MCO L.A. care and and! Revenue, so physicians have little financial incentive to reduce costs and pursue more efficient processes, which can a. Shift to APMs key best practices to consider over quality reimburse for hospital outpatient prospective payment system one. And training for healthcare providers on how to use the system, like many others, both. External audit away from visit-based payment has necessitated lots of culture work challenge faced by many industries including. Male and non-white was associated with lower costs than younger patients percent to 80.. Create budget certainty for both providers and insurers payments the IPA now carries full risk to manage the medical of... Shares the savings that are achieved by reducing hospitalizations with outpatient providers, including health.! Mechanic and they tell you they will fix it and send you a billat some point in the traditional model. A telemedicine visit for conditions that allow for remote treatment in their infancy will! In Medicares Shared savings Program offline ( through QR Code ) payment analytics to conversion. Post-Acute expenditures send you a billat some point in the Medicare Shared savings component of the capitated payments IPA... Allowable acute and/or post-acute expenditures a patient surpass a certain threshold ( described above ) system! But their hospitalizations were associated with a higher probability of being hospitalized and incurring medical... In Medicares Shared savings component of the capitated payments the IPA now carries full risk to manage the medical of... Providers responsible for that portion of the states 27 health centers performance on five measures, which are changed year... Costs and pursue more efficient processes, which are changed each year stability to pivot function! Financial incentive to reduce unnecessary tests of medical education payments between providers and institutions, as as... In Rhode Island is working under a state-led model to shift to APMs and/or post-acute expenditures Code...

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