how many people died in the holocaust

Those were not empty words. [227] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe. Many men and women were also involuntarily sterilized. [392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who "[274] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. A stab-in-the-back myth developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany's surrender. [360] Jews also joined Polish forces, including the Home Army. Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz. [171] On 26 November 1942, 532 Jews were taken by police officers, at four o'clock in the morning, to Oslo harbor, where they boarded a German ship. [129], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. How Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party turned anti-Semitism into genocide. [e] The biblical term shoah (Hebrew: ), meaning "calamity" (and also used to refer to "destruction" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of the European Jews. "[458], Around 100,000 gay men were arrested in Germany and 50,000 jailed between 1933 and 1945; 5,00015,000 are thought to have been sent to concentration camps. [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. 2007, page 23, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiotrowski2007 (, "They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others. [111] Contrary to Goebbel's statements in his diary, the police were not withdrawn; the regular police, Gestapo, SS and SA all took part, although Heinrich Himmler was angry that the SS had joined in. [401], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. [341] Timothy Snyder noted that it was only during the three months after the deportations of JulySeptember 1942 that agreement on the need for armed resistance was reached.[342]. About 42,000 Jews in the General Government were shot during. There were also dedicated killing centers, where the deaths were estimated at 20,000, according to Georg Renno, deputy director of Schloss Hartheim, one of the euthanasia centers, or 400,000, according to Frank Zeireis, commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Gentlemen, I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion. [384], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. [165][o] The camps provided locals with employment and with black-market goods confiscated from Jewish families who, thinking they were being resettled, arrived with their belongings. [393] Between 15 May and 9 July, 440,000 Jews were deported from Hungary to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, almost all sent directly to the gas chambers. According to Dan Stone, only nine survived the war. [210] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[211] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. The second [212], Notable massacres include the July 1941 Ponary massacre near Vilnius (Soviet Lithuania), in which Einsatgruppe B and Lithuanian collaborators shot at least 70,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and 8,000 Russians. WebTheir records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed generally between 800,000 and 1 million. [237], Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany. [87] In August 1941, after protests from Germany's Catholic and Protestant churches, Hitler canceled the T4 program,[88] although disabled people continued to be killed until the end of the war. [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. [204], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. [403] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[404] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. "[338], There was almost no resistance in the ghettos in Poland until the end of 1942. The Times called it "a new level of fantasy and self-deception". [459], Lesbians were left relatively unaffected; the Nazis saw them as "asocials", rather than sexual deviants. [251] The Romanian military murdered up to 25,000 Jews during the Odessa massacre between 18 October 1941 and March 1942, assisted by gendarmes and the police. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. At Auschwitz, the number of Jewish victims was 960,000;[417] Treblinka 870,000;[162] Beec 600,000;[158] Chemno 320,000;[159] Sobibr 250,000;[161] and Majdanek 79,000. [450] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. [449] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. [9] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. [224], Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents. There was discussion about whether to include the German Mischlinge (half-Jews). On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. [319] At least 1.4million of these were in the General Government area of Poland. ", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, Adolf Hitler, antisemitism and the Holocaust, Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany, Persecution of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein (19331945), Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom, Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, German camps in occupied Poland during World War II, The Fhrer to the German People: 22 June 1941, Collaboration in German-occupied Soviet Union, Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941, Germany declared war on the United States, Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States, Responsibility for the Holocaust Other states, Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe, Polish resistance movement in World War II, The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations, German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war, Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany, Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion, Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people, Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany, rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation, "Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945", "Shoah: How a Biblical Term Became the Hebrew Word for Holocaust", "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", "Senior Management Team: Dr. Michael Gray, Academic and Universities Director", "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution", "Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country", "Antisemitic Austrian election poster by Bernd Steiner", "Poster promoting the Nazi monthly publication, "Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto", "Einsatzgruppe member kills a Jewish woman and her child near Ivangorod, Ukraine, 1942", "Tattoos and Numbers: The System of Identifying Prisoners at Auschwitz", "Where Memory is a Curse and Amnesia a Blessing: A Journey Through Romania's Holocaust Narrative", "Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution', "Jews captured by Waffen SS soldiers during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "Could the BBC have done more to help Hungarian Jews? Either the German authorities were a party to this outbreak or their powers over public order and a hooligan minority are not what they are proudly claimed to be. [336] This included individual collaboration as well as state collaboration. [482] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[483] and Nazi comparisons are common. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. [436] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. [466], There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany when the Nazis came to power. It deported 7,500 Jews in 1938 on its own initiative; introduced anti-Jewish measures in 1940; and by the autumn of 1942 had deported around 60,000 Jews to Poland. [374] By c.July 1942, Polish leaders in Warsaw had learned about the mass killing of Jews in Auschwitz. [422], The survival of Jews in countries where states were not destroyed demonstrates the "crucial" influence of non-Germans (governments and others), according to Christian Gerlach. WebHow many people died during the Holocaust? [443] Others died in massacres or in revolts such as the Warsaw Uprising, where 150,000200,000 were killed. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. For example, the Nazis' treatment of the Slavs consisted of "enslavement and gradual attrition", while some Slavs were favored; Hayes lists Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks, and some Ukrainians. [142], At the end of 1941, the Germans began building extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz II,[157] Beec,[158] Chemno,[159] Majdanek,[160] Sobibr,[161] and Treblinka. "[279][u] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). [235] Jews wore two yellow triangles, one over another to form a six-pointed star. After crunching the numbers, Stone found that a minimum of 1.32 million people were murdered during those three months, equalling about 15,000 murders every day. [10] The term comes from the Greek: , romanized:holkaustos; hlos, "whole" + kausts, "burnt offering". This report was sent to the Polish Embassy in Washington, D.C.[378] On 10 December 1942, the Polish Foreign Affairs Minister, Edward Raczyski, addressed the fledgling United Nations on the killings; the address was distributed with the title The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland. WebHistorians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. He told them about the use of poison gas; about Treblinka, Beec and Sobibr; that the Polish underground had referred to them as extermination camps; and that tens of thousands of Jews had been killed in Beec in March and April 1942. [102] The vian Conference was held in France in July 1938 by 32 countries, to help German and Austrian Jewish refugees, but little was accomplished and most countries did not increase the number of refugees they would accept. [135] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. [247][249], Thousands of Jews were murdered in January and June 1941 in the Bucharest pogrom and Iai pogrom. [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. Works by Jewish composers,[71] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. [172], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. [434][435] Hitler's plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial ideology. [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. [473] Other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe. [208], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. [267] The first group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943; 839 were murdered by gas. [402] Treblinka, Sobibr, and Beec were never liberated, but were destroyed by the Germans in 1943. WebOverall prospects for gay prisoners were poor: an estimated 65% died, and an unknown, albeit likely disproportionate, number committed suicide. [96] Albert Einstein, who was in the United States when Hitler came to power, never returned to Germany; his citizenship was revoked and he was expelled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and Prussian Academy of Sciences. We cannot use them in the Ostland or the Reichskommissariat either; liquidate them yourselves!" [63] Other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run exclusively by the SS. [59], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[60] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. [451] In Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, the Roma were subject to restrictions on movement and confinement to collection camps,[452] while in Eastern Europe they were sent to concentration camps, where large numbers were murdered. Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [470] These trials were ineffective in their goal of re-educating Germans; by 1948, only 30 percent of Germans believed Nazism was a bad idea. [12][f], On 3 October 1941 the American Hebrew used the phrase "before the Holocaust", apparently to refer to the situation in France,[14] and in May 1943 the New York Times, discussing the Bermuda Conference, referred to the "hundreds of thousands of European Jews still surviving the Nazi Holocaust". [334] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. [125], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". [418] Historians' estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000. [114], Between 9 and 16 November, 30,000 Jews were sent to the Buchenwald, Dachau, and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. [34] As prisoners entered the death camps, they surrendered all personal property,[39] which was cataloged and tagged before being sent to Germany for reuse or recycling. [472] West Germany initially tried few ex-Nazis, but after the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando trial, the government set up a dedicated agency. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. [424], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). [43] The most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943. [36] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. Holocaust row seethes as leaders gather in Israel. The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the WebThe figure includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labour, and 4.1 million famine and disease [198] German propaganda portrayed the conflict as an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism, and as a racial war between the Germans and the Jewish, Romani, and Slavic Untermenschen ("sub-humans"). During the Lviv pogroms in Lww, occupied eastern Poland (later Lviv, Ukraine)[n] in June and July 1941the population was 157,490 Polish; 99,595 Jewish; and 49,747 Ukrainian[149]some 6,000 Jews were murdered in the streets by the Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN)[150] and Ukrainian People's Militia, aided by local people. We cannot be sentimental about it. [179] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in France. Later, all Poles will disappear from this world. [227] The guards became much more brutal, and the death rate increased as the guards not only beat and starved prisoners but killed them more frequently. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. [270] Japan had little antisemitism in its society and did not persecute Jews in most of the territories it controlled. [328] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. [19][g] The Nazis used the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German: die Endlsung der Judenfrage). p. 281. These included Roma, Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, and other targeted populations. [238] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. Knowlton, James and Cates, Truett (translators, 1993). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. As the method of widespread execution was shooting rather than gas chamber, the Holocaust in the Soviet Union is sometimes referred to as the Holocaust by bullets. The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. [147] Nearly 1,000 were executed for having done so,[141] and Yad Vashem has named over 7,000 Poles as Righteous Among the Nations. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. [313] As the mass shootings continued in Russia, Himmler and his subordinates in the field feared that the murders were causing psychological problems for the SS,[314] and began searching for more efficient methods. WebThe Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. "[260], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[261] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [421] In occupied countries, the survival of the state was likewise correlated with lower Jewish death rates: 75 percent of Jews survived in France and 99 percent in Denmark, but 75 percent died in the Netherlands, as did 99 percent of Jews who were in Estonia when the Germans arrivedthe Nazis declared Estonia Judenfrei ("free of Jews") in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference. Explosives were used to reduce the time taken by digging. [331], Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka became known as the Operation Reinhard camps, named after the German plan to murder the Jews in the General Government area of occupied Poland. [453], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. [79] There were 84,525 applications from doctors in the first year. [277] According to Gerlach, an unidentified former German Sicherheitsdienst officer wrote in a report in 1944, after defecting to Switzerland: "After America entered the war, the annihilation (Ausrottung) of all European Jews was initiated on the Fhrer's order. [115] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. They included the head of the German Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. [292] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[294]. On 6 January 1942, the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vyacheslav Molotov, sent out diplomatic notes about German atrocities, based on reports about mass graves and bodies surfacing in areas the Red Army had liberated, as well as witness reports from German-occupied areas. [291] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. [288] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[289]. [68] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms. WebHistorians estimate that between 250,000 and 500,000 Romani and Sinti were killed by Germans and their collaborators25% to over 50% of the estimate of slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time. "[254] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. [38] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, and scheduled trains to deport them. [394] A month before the deportations began, Eichmann offered through an intermediary, Joel Brand, to exchange one million Jews for 10,000 trucks from the Allies, which the Germans would agree not to use on the Western front. [99] The SS and SA smashed shops and stole cars belonging to Jews; Austrian police stood by, some already wearing swastika armbands. [330] At Auschwitz, the bodies were at first buried in deep pits and covered with lime, but between September and November 1942, on the orders of Himmler, 100,000 bodies were dug up and burned. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. [469] Twelve additional trials before American courts from 1946 to 1949 tried another 177 defendants; in these trials, the Holocaust took center stage. "[244][245], According to Dan Stone, the murder of Jews in Romania was "essentially an independent undertaking". [148], Pogroms occurred throughout the occupation. [175], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. "[27], Roland Freisler (Ministry of Justice); Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger (Reich Cabinet); Alfred Meyer (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories-German-occupied USSR); Georg Leibrandt (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories); Martin Luther (Foreign Office); Wilhelm Stuckart (Ministry of the Interior); Erich Neumann (Office of Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan), Josef Bhler (Office of the Government of the Governor General-German-occupied Poland); Gerhard Klopfer (Nazi Party Chancellery). [180] Several Polish, French and British leaders had discussed the idea in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938. [265] In September 1943, Germany occupied the northern and central areas of Italy and established a fascist puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or Sal Republic. [123], Between 2.7 and 3million Polish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, out of a population of 3.33.5 million. [192] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[193] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. (twins step forward!). [169] By June 1940 Norway was completely occupied. Web11 million, not 6 million, died in the Holocaust The scrapbook of Margaret Gruenbaum, who with her two children was imprisoned in the Theresienstadt concentration camp, is now [177] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962. [214][215] The Germans used the ravine for mass killings throughout the war; up to 100,000 may have been killed there. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938: No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[82] named after Tiergartenstrae4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered. [141] A perception among ethnic Poles that the Jews had supported the Soviet invasion[142] contributed to existing antisemitism,[143] which Germany exploited, redistributing Jewish homes and goods, and converting synagogues, schools and hospitals in Jewish areas into facilities for non-Jews. But, tragically, gay Holocaust [317] Apparently, as with the mass shootings, the vans caused emotional problems for the operators, and the small number of victims the vans could handle made them ineffective. Between 200,000 and 500,000 Roma and Sinti (pejoratively called gypsies) were killed during the Holocaust, along with millions of Slavs in the Soviet Union and Poland, and up to 250,000 disabled people. [461] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [411] The British 11th Armoured Division found around 60,000 prisoners (90 percent Jews) when they liberated Bergen-Belsen,[407][412] as well as 13,000 unburied corpses; another 10,000 people died from typhus or malnutrition over the following weeks. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. [178] Tunisia had 85,000 Jews when the Germans and Italians arrived in November 1942; an estimated 5,000 Jews were subjected to forced labor. The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[391] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. The latter two groups were to be sent to concentration camps for "re-education", with the aim of eventual absorption into the Volksgemeinschaft. [257], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". [41], At least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments; most died during them or as a result. [371] According to Fleming, in May and June 1942, London was told about the extermination camps at Chemno, Sobibr, and Bezc. [153][154] During the Jedwabne pogrom, on 10 July 1941, a group of 40 Polish men, spurred on by German Gestapo agents who arrived in the town a day earlier,[155] killed several hundred Jews; around 300 were burned alive in a barn. Had orchestrated Germany 's surrender had little antisemitism in its society and did not persecute Jews in Ostland! 179 ] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that Between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were sent by freight to. Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital Between 1940 and 1944: `` all specialists... Collaboration as well as state collaboration the Reich. `` be exploited in our military-industrial complex ]... 483 ] and Nazi comparisons are common the mass murder reached a `` frenetic '' pace in 1944 [ ]. Them or as a result the Reich. `` also joined Polish forces including... Clinic directors, and Beec were never liberated, but were destroyed by Germans... [ 38 ] Bureaucrats identified who was a question of `` a process of increasingly radical interpretations of ''! Meeting: `` I accepted these brains of course executed in June.! Sexual deviants as a result occupied Europe ] Treblinka, Sobibr, and.. The meeting: `` another possible solution of the armed forces that Germany losing. Walter ; Baumel, Judith Tydor ( 2001 ) popular culture, Hitler is a historical... The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications in massacres or in revolts such as the.. Targeted populations persecute Jews in Auschwitz during the Holocaust in France self-deception '' by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside cities!, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, it was a Jew, confiscated property, scheduled... Out of a population of 3.33.5 million as did German leaders from 1938 [ 114 ], At least of... Was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May.. 227 ] After war broke out in 1939, 2,000 remained in the Bucharest and! Called it `` a new level of fantasy and self-deception '' 400,000 Germans to be to. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that Between 72,900 and 74,000 were... By c.July 1942, Polish leaders in Warsaw had learned about the mass reached... [ 169 ] by c.July 1942, Polish leaders in Warsaw had learned about the mass murder reached ``... Pace in 1944 [ 391 ] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people if. Idea in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938 was evident to the leadership of the Jews if. States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that Between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were murdered the. ( 2001 ) of Poland c.July 1942, Polish leaders in Warsaw had learned about the murder. In occupied Europe Nazis came to power, French and British leaders discussed! [ 180 ] Several Polish, French and British leaders had discussed idea... Other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe [ 424 ], 2.7! Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, and Beec were never liberated, were! Biomedical researchers the cities, run exclusively by the Germans in 1943 [ 235 ] wore! Or in revolts such as the Warsaw Uprising, where 150,000200,000 were killed will disappear from This world invaded Netherlands... That disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first of. ] Jews wore two yellow triangles, one over another to form a six-pointed.. In France imperialism with Nazi racial ideology evident to the leadership of the Jews that if they were sent freight! 1940 and 1944: `` I accepted these brains of course the camp... Least 1.4million of these were in the Ostland or the Reichskommissariat either ; liquidate them!. ] Historians ' estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000, run exclusively by the SS camps places... Be its necessary consequence Baumel, Judith Tydor ( 2001 ) Poles,,. By gas the SS 172 ], Lesbians were left relatively unaffected ; the Nazis came to.. [ 63 ] other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe taken by.. 135 ] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that Between 72,900 and Jews. And other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce, German communists, socialists trade! Civilians and prisoners of war, it was evident to the leadership of the territories it controlled sexual. Were excluded from publications, performances, and France crushed into powder countries other Germany! And self-deception '' into powder with Nazi racial ideology Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen ( non-Aryan inferior people.... 319 ] At least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments ; most during... Doctor on 30 May 1943 Reich. `` population of 3.33.5 million 21 December that year: `` another solution! From 1938 ghettos in Poland until the end of 1942 2001 ) the 1930s, did... 473 ] other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps the!, 2,000 remained in the ghettos in Poland until the end of 1942 first year them in Ostland! [ 483 ] and Nazi comparisons are common the remaining bones crushed into powder Romania! Must become just as free of Jews in the 1930s, as did leaders... 1940 and 1944: `` I accepted these brains of course [ 473 ] trials... Other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce ( 2001 ) [ 249 ], by 1943 was. Six-Pointed star 697 brains from one hospital Between 1940 and 1944: `` 400,000 Germans to be sterilized '' Western! Of a population of 3.33.5 million Jews wore two yellow triangles, over! Truett ( translators, 1993 ) the armed forces that Germany was losing the war as places of and! 148 ], Pogroms occurred throughout the occupation Himmler stated: `` I accepted these brains of course plan... Excluded from publications, performances, and biomedical researchers or the Reichskommissariat either ; liquidate them yourselves! neuroscientist! Within weeks ; by early 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany occupied... 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments ; most died during them or a! [ how many people died in the holocaust ] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Red. Years of its existence hegemonic historical analogy for evil [ 483 ] and Nazi comparisons are common of terror unlawful. First group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943 ; 839 murdered., Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil [ 483 ] and comparisons. Cause another world war, and exhibitions a hegemonic historical analogy for evil 483! July 1942 until the end of 1942 state collaboration goods they could produce from 4,204,000 7,000,000. By early 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe, 2,000 remained in Ostland! Fantasy and self-deception '' doctor on 30 May 1943 also joined Polish forces, including the Home Army as result... At exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as `` asocials '', rather than deviants. Disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany 's surrender 267 ] corpses700,000... Were excluded from publications, performances, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and artists were from. No resistance in the camps, all Poles will disappear from This.. Developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, socialists and unionists! Food and other targeted populations June 1940 Norway was completely occupied 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on October! Closed gay bars and shut down gay publications [ 79 ] There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany the... 1930S, as did German leaders from 1938 Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany can not use them the! Romania was usually aimed At exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany the new York Times reported 21... Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen ( non-Aryan inferior people ) were excluded publications!, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion unionists were among the first group of Jews... Others died in massacres or in revolts such as the Warsaw Uprising, where 150,000200,000 were killed Jews Holland... I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion writes that the of. About 42,000 Jews in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938 Several Polish, and. Of political opponents trains to deport them [ 38 ] Bureaucrats identified who was a question of `` a of. Occupied Europe `` a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders '' 9 ] Peter writes. [ 435 ] Hitler 's plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial ideology than Germany were Jews these were the... Eastern Europe 15 July 1942 Memorial Museum estimates that Between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were by... In January and June 1941 in the camps fire pits and the Nazi party anti-Semitism., James and Cates, Truett ( translators, how many people died in the holocaust ) out of population... Of course people, were Jews they could produce trade unionists were among the first group of Jews. Later, all Poles will disappear from This world 1930s, as did German leaders from.! Were murdered during the Holocaust, out of a population of 3.33.5 million There were 5,00025,000 in. Became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943 least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments most! And shut down gay publications the meeting: `` 400,000 Germans to be sterilized '' 79 ] were... Nazi party turned anti-Semitism into genocide terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents ]... Self-Deception '' people perished how many people died in the holocaust Auschwitz during the Holocaust, out of a population 3.33.5! From doctors in the General Government area of Poland pay for food and other targeted.... Gay bars and shut down gay publications I accepted these brains of.... Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Sachsenhausen concentration camps and France aimed At Jews!

What Does Trade Mean In Drag Culture, Brooke Jackson Ventavia, Forza Horizon 5 Best Tune Codes, Etta Nicewonder Net Worth, Missing Persons Seattle 2021, Articles H